The terms “Alzheimer’s” and “dementia” are often used interchangeably in everyday conversation. But experts note that there are differences between Alzheimer’s disease and other types of dementia. While Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type of dementia, there are several other types to know.
“Many people do think that they’re interchangeable, but there are differences,” explains Claire Sexton, D.Phil., the national executive programs lead of Brain Health at the American Heart Association.
Meet the Experts: Archana Koganti, M.D., board-certified neurologist with Wellstar Health Systems; Claire Sexton, D.Phil., the national executive programs lead of Brain Health at the American Heart Association; Zaldy S. Tan, M.D., M.P.H., director of the Cedars-Sinai Health System Memory and Aging Program; Douglas Scharre, M.D., the medical director of the Center for Cognitive and Memory Disorders at The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center.
“Episodic memory loss is the earliest and usually the most prominent symptom of Alzheimer’s disease,” explains Archana Koganti, M.D., board-certified neurologist with Wellstar Health Systems. She also notes that in certain other types of dementia, early symptoms are more likely to be slower processing speeds, behavioral and personality changes, and spatial dysfunction, rather than memory loss.
Below, experts explain the key differences between Alzheimer’s disease and other types of dementia and what to do if you’re concerned about symptoms in yourself or a loved one.
Dementia vs. Alzheimer’s disease
“Dementia is an umbrella term for a range of diseases that are characterized by cognitive decline—and then Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type of dementia under that umbrella,” says Zaldy S. Tan, M.D., M.P.H., director of the Cedars-Sinai Health System Memory and Aging Program. So while they’re related, they’re not interchangeable terms. Dementia as a whole is tricky because “there’s no questionnaire that you can fill out and say, ‘Oh, I have this type of dementia,’” says Dr. Tan. “It’s very complex and the presentations vary from person to person so if you have two people and they both have Alzheimer’s disease, their presentation may be quite different.”
Types of dementia
It’s estimated that 60 to 70% of people with dementia have Alzheimer’s disease, according to the World Health Organization. However, the remaining 30 to 40% of dementia cases are made up of a wide variety of conditions. For instance, there’s vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, frontotemporal dementia, traumatic dementia, dementia associated with an infectious disease, and even alcohol-related dementia—just to name a few. “Each of these then has its own unique signature in the brain—its own unique hallmarks and progression and symptoms—but they can also occur together sometimes so there’s mixed pathology,” says Sexton. Dementia is simply an umbrella term that refers to any condition that impairs cognition, but there are many conditions that can hinder brainpower. Alzheimer’s is the most common one.
“The FDA-approved medications that we have are mostly for Alzheimer’s dementia because that’s the most common type of dementia and the one that’s most-researched,” explains Dr. Tan. “For other forms of dementia—like Lewy body, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson’s dementia—there’s really no specific FDA-approved medication.” However, he says, a person diagnosed with another form of dementia may still be prescribed a drug that’s designed to treat Alzheimer’s disease. “The reason is that Alzheimer’s can co-exist with other forms of dementia and treating it with these medications may help the overall memory or thinking of the person,” says Dr. Tan.
How Alzheimer’s is different
At its onset, Alzheimer’s tends to affect more of your learning and memory than other types of dementia, which might be more likely to impact your planning or language. In the brain of a person with Alzheimer’s disease, there are buildups (often referred to as plaques) of beta amyloid protein fragments between nerve cells as well as tangles of the protein tau inside cells. Scientists don’t know exactly how these plaques and tangles contribute to Alzheimer’s disease, but some believe they throw off communication between nerve cells and interfere with normal cell processes, according to the Alzheimer’s Association. As the disease progresses and more of the brain is affected, a person may experience behavior changes, confusion, delusions, and difficulty speaking or walking. Other types of dementia can progress differently, depending on what parts of the brain are affected.
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Where mild cognitive impairment fits in
Diagnosing and determining the type of dementia a person has can also get tricky because some people don’t have full-blown dementia—they have what doctors refer to as mild cognitive impairment or MCI. With dementia, you often need other people to do activities for you that you used to be able to manage on your own (like paying bills or turning on the TV), but with MCI, you can still do those things even if you need a bit of prompting, says Douglas Scharre, M.D., the medical director of the Center for Cognitive and Memory Disorders at The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center. (“Your cable bill is due soon—you should go online and pay it.” “Click the black remote before the gray one to watch TV.”) “So you’re forgetful, you’re less efficient, and maybe you need verbal clues, but you can still do the function yourself—that’s MCI,” says Dr. Scharre.
What to do if you’re worried about your memory
If you suspect you’re experiencing any warning signs of dementia (like getting lost in a familiar place, forgetting things, or regularly skipping social events), the first thing to do is see a physician. Dr. Scharre recommends asking for a cognitive assessment at your annual physical so your results can be compared year-over-year and declines can be identified and addressed right away—just like a colonoscopy, blood pressure screening, or cholesterol testing.
“As with any medical condition, typically the earlier you identify it, the more options you have for treatment and typically the better you do,” he says. “Some forms of dementia have treatable causes while others like Alzheimer’s are also treatable, just not reversible or curable. That new medication the FDA approved for Alzheimer’s, for example, only works in the mild cognitive impairment stage—that’s where its sweet spot is and if you start getting even a little bit more than mild dementia it’s not useful.”
Your doctor will likely start with a detailed medical history and perform a cognitive assessment that helps identify which areas of the brain (such as those responsible for memory, language, or decision-making) are being affected. The physician will also conduct a physical neurological exam to test things like reflexes, motor skills, sensory capacity, balance, coordination, and nerve function. Additionally, “you might get an MRI scan of the brain or some neuroimaging of the brain that can show things like inflammation and strokes and tumors and things of that nature,” says Dr. Scharre. Finally, he says blood tests will help show if your kidneys, liver, and thyroid are functioning well and if your levels of vitamin B12 are adequate. “You put all those things together and usually the diagnosis is pretty straightforward if you have experience and knowledge of these different conditions,” says Dr. Scharre.
How to prevent dementia
Just because your mom or brother developed a form of dementia, that doesn’t mean you’re destined to have it as well. “The good news is that there are things that we can be doing in our life to reduce our risk,” says Sexton. “Keep active—physically active, cognitively active, and socially active—and reduce cardiovascular risk factors. Other known risk factors for dementia include obesity, hypertension, and diabetes so monitoring and managing those conditions can help.” Of course, there’s no guarantee, but it’s smart to do whatever you can now to lower the likelihood that you will suffer from dementia later.
“This is an extremely active area of research,” says Sexton. She says major discoveries are on the horizon in the areas of diagnostic blood tests for dementia, modifiable risk factors like air pollution, and risk factors that vary between different populations of people. So keep an eye out for news and check out these sites to see if you or a loved one qualify to participate in research studies.
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